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Li, Shao-Ying; Leon, Shian – Online Submission, 2013
The authors designed instruments from theories and literatures. Data were collected throughout remedial teaching processes and interviewed with vocational school students. By SOLO (structure of the observed learning outcome) taxonomy, the authors made the UMR (unistructural-multistructural-relational sequence) conception cycle of the formative and…
Descriptors: Student Attitudes, Vocational Schools, Problem Solving, Causal Models
Reiss, Patricia, P.; Zhang, Shuqiang – Online Submission, 2006
Girls consistently out perform boys in mathematics in Hawai'i. Starting from the premise that literacy is a prerequisite for mathematics learning, a causal model was proposed to account for gender differences in mathematics on multiple choice (MC) and constructed response (CR) items in conjunction with the effects of reading and writing. Two…
Descriptors: Females, Males, Mathematics Education, Causal Models