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Rachel S. McClam; Rebecca A. Cruz – Phi Delta Kappan, 2024
The field of mathematics education has engaged in perennial debate about whether transmission-oriented or constructivist approaches to teaching will best help students learn. Yet, both fluency, learned through step-by-step procedural instruction, and the mathematical flexibility that comes from constructivist methods play an important role in…
Descriptors: Mathematics Instruction, Instructional Improvement, Teacher Improvement, Mathematics Education