The purpose of this research is to investigate whether there are differences in student engagement of Allied Health students that attend five participating Maryland community colleges. Student engagement is measured by five benchmark scores on the Community College Survey of Student Engagement (CCSSE). The research question was, Are there…

This dissertation is a collection of three papers that employ empirical within study comparisons (WSCs) to identify conditions that support causal inference in observational studies. WSC studies empirically estimate the extent to which a given observational study reproduces the result of a randomized clinical trial (RCT) when both share the same…

The fundamental problem faced by automatic text understanding in Natural Language Processing (NLP) is to identify semantically related pieces of text and integrate them together to compute the meaning of the whole text. However, the principle of compositionality runs into trouble very quickly when real language is examined with its frequent…