The purpose of this study was to determine if and how engagement with an online community supports the development of three attributes identified by Wilhelm (2014) that teachers need to have in order to consistently select and implement cognitively demanding tasks, including mathematical knowledge for teaching, visions of high quality mathematics…

Current teaching standards and practices are dictated, at least in part, by state- and district-mandated standardized tests. Yet, despite being surrounded by data, teachers receive only basic trainings on how to use assessments. In reality, teachers use data and assessments daily--even minute by minute--through the assessment process, which uses…

Social studies education is a field in which those involved--teachers and students--encounter what can be called "difficult knowledge". Difficult knowledge is a theoretical construct suggesting that when an individual encounters representations of social and historical trauma in a learning situation there exists a host of emotional and pedagogical…