When studying differential item functioning (DIF) with students with disabilities (SWD) focal groups typically suffer from small sample size, whereas the reference group population is usually large. This makes it possible for a researcher to select a sample from the reference population to be similar to the focal group on the ability scale. Doing…

The problem addressed in this study was that regular education teachers lacked the training to include students with disabilities in inclusive classrooms. The evidence indicated that teachers were beginning to show greater levels of frustration, students were being referred out of the classroom, and many students were being sent to the special…