State assessment test scores in English language arts (ELA) and mathematics had continued to decline in a southern state in the United States over the last few years. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the difference in middle school ELA and mathematics test scores between students receiving instruction in virtual and…

The purpose of this quantitative ex post facto study was to examine the effectiveness of online learning amidst a global pandemic versus traditional learning and its impact on the achievement of secondary students. More specifically, the study investigated if there was a significant difference in the English Language Arts II test scores, Algebra…

The purpose of this ex-post facto quantitative study was to compare English Language Arts (ELA) and math Tennessee Compressive Assessment Program (TCAP) scores of students in grades four through eight who attended school virtually or in-person during the 2020-2021 school year. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the school district in this study allowed…

Michael Simonson's equivalency theory provided support for this study. Simonson's equivalency theory is built around the idea that while there should be different learning experiences for online and seated students, those learning experiences should be equivalent. Equivalency theory includes equivalency, learning experiences, appropriate…

Online education has grown rapidly in the United States and has accelerated since COVID-19. The prior history of online learning through online charter schools and online learning during COVID-19 failed to meet the needs of disadvantaged student populations, especially students of color and students with lower socioeconomic status. This study…