The digital transformation in educational assessment has led to the proliferation of large-scale data, offering unprecedented opportunities to enhance language learning, and testing through machine learning (ML) techniques. Drawing on the extensive data generated by online English language assessments, this dissertation investigates the efficacy…

Since culturally relevant teaching was first introduced by Ladson-Billings in 1994, American schools have become even more racially and ethnically diverse, and post-COVID revealed a wider performance gap between Black and Hispanic students compared to White students. What is less clear is how culturally responsive school leaders are standing up…