This dissertation is a three-piece dissertation, including two empirical research (Chapter 1 and Chapter 2) and a methodological improvement of prior work (Chapter 3), to address issues of the effects of approaches to learning on academic achievement in childhood and power analysis for a three-level model in meta-analysis. Approaches to learning…

This research examined, through a basic qualitative approach, how sixth-grade mathematics teachers and their students in a New York inner-city middle school experienced the implementation of three "Classroom Instruction that Works" (CITW) instructional strategies namely, summarizing and note-taking, cooperative learning, and generating…

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship among learning motivation, engagement behaviors, and performance of undergraduate students. 178 junior students are surveyed from five colleges at a four-year research university in Taiwan. The scales of motivation, engagement, and perceived learning outcomes are adapted from the…

Few studies have documented the literacy activities in an after-school setting of affluent early adolescents assigned to remedial reading. This may be because these students are not considered to be at risk of academic failure. The out-of-school literacy activities of 3 sixth-grade students were examined in this qualitative research. Multiple data…