A traditional learning methodology known as self-directed learning (SDL) is used in this study as a foundation to design a learning management system that can help college students improve their abilities to self-manage and monitor their overall learning activities and performances. Such capabilities have been shown in past research as being…

The Chinese writing system has traditionally organized the typographic text vertically, with one square-shaped character placed on top of another. With the influence of globalization, an increasing number of reading materials have been presented in the Western horizontal format, including school textbooks for children in Taiwan. This study looked…