In Saudi Arabia, mathematics is an essential subject for all freshmen except students majoring in medical sciences. The struggle of students in mathematics is one of the most common issues in the last ten years (Khoshaim, 2015). According to Higbee and Thomas (1999), mathematics self-efficacy, along with other effective characteristics such as…

Recent research in the areas of second language testing and learner corpus research has provided increased insight into linguistic features of various score levels and into the meaning of a test score (Cushing, 2017; Knoch & Chapelle, 2018). However, language testing researchers have asserted the need to select linguistic features that are…

Rater variation in performance assessment can impact test-takers' scores and compromise assessments' fairness and validity (Crooks, Kane, & Cohen, 1996). Rater variation can also undermine a test's validity and fairness; therefore, it is important to investigate raters' scoring patterns in order to inform rater training. Substantial work has…

Because language provides the framework through which knowledge is constructed, it is crucial to consider the ways in which students with limited English proficiencies are able to express their understanding. English language learners (ELLs) make up a significant portion of the student body in the education system and represent many ethnic and…

The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the "DELV-ST" by comparing it to two other screeners, the "Fluharty-2" and the "Washington-Craig Language Screener" (WCLS). The participants were 73 African American Pre-K and Head Start children, aged four- to five-years-old. Fail rates were higher than what…

With the recent influx of Latinos into the United States, it is essential to understand how their backgrounds and cultures will affect the way they view their children's emotional, social, and educational development. Researchers continue to evaluate the psychometrics of various screening instruments in order to ensure a reliable and valid…

As a result of growing attention in cross-cultural research, existing measurement instruments developed in one language are being translated and adapted for use in other languages and cultural contexts. Producing invariant measurement instruments that assess educational and psychological constructs provide a way of testing the cross-cultural…

Over the past several years, educational leaders and researchers have tried to find the causes for high school dropout. Studies have shown that both demographic and student factors have contributed to placing a student at risk for dropping out of high school. Most of the studies, however, have been conducted in urban or suburban settings.…