Publication Date
| In 2025 | 0 |
| Since 2024 | 0 |
| Since 2021 (last 5 years) | 0 |
| Since 2016 (last 10 years) | 0 |
| Since 2006 (last 20 years) | 1 |
Descriptor
| Data Interpretation | 1 |
| Error of Measurement | 1 |
| Experimenter Characteristics | 1 |
| Formative Evaluation | 1 |
| Predictive Validity | 1 |
| Research Problems | 1 |
| Researchers | 1 |
| Structural Equation Models | 1 |
| Transformative Learning | 1 |
Source
| Psychological Methods | 1 |
Author
| Bollen, Kenneth A. | 1 |
Publication Type
| Journal Articles | 1 |
| Opinion Papers | 1 |
Education Level
Audience
Location
Laws, Policies, & Programs
Assessments and Surveys
What Works Clearinghouse Rating
Peer reviewed
Direct linkBollen, Kenneth A. – Psychological Methods, 2007
R. D. Howell, E. Breivik, and J. B. Wilcox (2007) have argued that causal (formative) indicators are inherently subject to interpretational confounding. That is, they have argued that using causal (formative) indicators leads the empirical meaning of a latent variable to be other than that assigned to it by a researcher. Their critique of causal…
Descriptors: Researchers, Structural Equation Models, Formative Evaluation, Transformative Learning
