Although extensive research has explored the antecedents of academic procrastination, the role of self-regulatory traits, such as grit, has received comparatively less attention. Additionally, the classroom environment and self-regulatory traits may have joint effects on academic procrastination, but this question has not been adequately…

This study reports on the goal structures of one rural and one urban Grade 11 class in China, based on classroom observations and teacher and student interviews. Classroom observations, conducted over a 6-month period, focused on physical settings and classroom activities. In each class, seven students and the homeroom teacher were interviewed to…