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Heidi Anne E. Mesmer – Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2025
Many initiatives have emphasized the importance of challenging students in text using readability formulas. Almost all formulas employ mean word frequency yet long-standing issues abound. Researchers question using a singular mean with a skewed variable like frequency. They also question the degree to which frequency pinpoints complex words,…
Descriptors: Critical Reading, Word Frequency, Difficulty Level, Elementary Schools
Rocha, Renata S.; Castro, São Luís; Limpo, Teresa – Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2022
Learning to write is one of the great challenges children face in primary grades, requiring both transcription skills (handwriting and spelling) and executive functions (EFs; working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility). Although this claim is widely accepted, the field suffers from some limitations, including few longitudinal…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Elementary School Students, Grade 4, Grade 5
Rahbari, Noriyeh – Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2019
The objective of the present study is to examine the error patterns for Persian reading and spelling when controlling for the complexity level of words. A sample of 140 children attending Grades 1-4 in Iran read and spelled the same words that differed in reading transparency (transparent vs. opaque) and spelling consistency (monographic vs.…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Indo European Languages, Error Patterns, Reading Skills
Drijbooms, Elise; Groen, Margriet A.; Verhoeven, Ludo – Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2017
The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of transcription skills, oral language skills, and executive functions to growth in narrative writing between fourth and sixth grade. While text length and story content of narratives did not increase with age, syntactic complexity of narratives showed a clear developmental progression. Results…
Descriptors: Executive Function, Predictor Variables, Syntax, Difficulty Level