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Waninge, A.; Rook, R. A.; Dijkhuizen, A.; Gielen, E.; van der Schans, C. P. – Research in Developmental Disabilities: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2011
Caregivers of persons with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) often describe the quality of the daily movements of these persons in terms of flexibility or stiffness. Objective outcome measures for flexibility and stiffness are muscle tone or level of spasticity. Two instruments used to grade muscle tone and spasticity are the…
Descriptors: Test Reliability, Interrater Reliability, Measures (Individuals), Severe Mental Retardation
Munde, V. S.; Vlaskamp, C.; Ruijssenaars, A. J. J. M.; Nakken, H. – Research in Developmental Disabilities: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2009
Direct support persons (DSPs) often face problems in observing and determining alertness in individuals with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD). A literature study was carried out to gather information about the problems just described. A search of two electronic databases and the references found in relevant hits revealed 42…
Descriptors: Multiple Disabilities, Interaction, Severe Mental Retardation, Cognitive Ability