Despite a surge of empirical work on student participation in online learning environments, the causal links between the learning-related factors and processes with the desired learning outcomes remain unexplored. This study presents a systematic literature review of approaches to model learning in Massive Open Online Courses offering an analysis…

Educational researchers and practitioners assert that supportive school and classroom climates can positively influence the academic outcomes of students, thus potentially reducing academic achievement gaps between students and schools of different socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds. Nonetheless, scientific evidence establishing directional…

Available published research on tutoring is reviewed with emphasis on research findings. Field research on long-term programs is examined, followed by a closer scrutiny of specific variables affecting the outcomes of tutoring--variables often examined in short-term projects. Included are problems of methodology and design. (RC)