The objective of this study was to develop and validate an instrument measuring the perception and interpretation of several distinct musical features (pitch, tonality, timing, loudness, and timbre). Therefore, we developed the Implicit Tonal Ability Test (ITAT), a listening test containing 49 multiple-choice items. A total of 233 children aged 6…

Learning approaches are assumed as the utmost important aspect in all academic proceedings. With the identification of students' learning approaches, relevant institutes can devise appropriate instructional strategies. Many models have been used to explore learning approaches and styles among students, but mostly in the developed world. Literature…

The Achievement Goal Theory has been commonly used in the literature and the relation between the goal orientation construct and aspects of athletes' personality and well-being is an important element to be considered in the sports field. The objectives of this study were: (i) to confirm the reliability, factorial invariance and existence of…

Writing motivation is a multidimensional construct that has been demonstrated to be of great importance in writing performance and growth. Yet, much of the extant research has failed to examine the nuances of the various dimensions of writing motivation--in particular, task competency beliefs--and has neglected to investigate how the various…

Understanding education and schooling has always been of great importance for researchers and for the society in digital era. The changing conditions and ever-growing situations in education have also impacted on the meaning that the students attribute to schools, especially after the pandemic. This study aims to develop a measurement tool that…

This research aimed to adapt and psychometrically examine the Multidimensional Perceived Autonomy Support Scale in Physical Education in the Spanish context. The participants were 560 (264 men and 296 women; M[subscript age] = 14.49, SD[subscript age] = 1.05) physical education secondary school students. The results underpinned a 15-item…

The Hierarchical Diagnostic Classification Model (HDCM) reflects on the sequences of the presentation of the essential materials and attributes to answer the items of a test correctly. In this study, a foreign language reading comprehension test was analyzed employing HDCM and the generalized deterministic-input, noisy and gate (G-DINA) model to…