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Engle, Carol D.; Lerch, Harold H. – School Science and Mathematics, 1971
Describes a study which compares the abilities of 130 first graders in responding correctly to open (Computational) addition exercises to their abilities in responding to equivalent problems stated in the closed form. No statistical difference between levels of correct responses to opened or closed exercises was indicated. (PR)
Descriptors: Addition, Arithmetic, Elementary School Mathematics, Evaluation

Barnard, James; Knaupp, Jonathan – School Science and Mathematics, 1971
Descriptors: Arithmetic, Behavioral Objectives, Elementary School Mathematics, Instruction

Bausell, R. Barker; Moody, William B. – School Science and Mathematics, 1972
Descriptors: Arithmetic, Elementary School Mathematics, Instruction, Programed Instructional Materials

Hervey, Margaret A.; Litwiller, Bonnie H. – School Science and Mathematics, 1970
Descriptors: Addition, Arithmetic, Elementary School Mathematics, Instruction

O'Brien, Thomas C. – School Science and Mathematics, 1971
Children may perform computational operations readily when dealing with physical materials, but may have difficulty dealing with representational stimuli (pictures of objects) or symbolic stimuli. Describes and illustrates the function of mediators in moving from physical to representational or symbolic stimuli. (PR)
Descriptors: Arithmetic, Cognitive Processes, Concept Formation, Elementary School Science

Austin, Joe Dan – School Science and Mathematics, 1982
An overview is provided of the current literature on mathematical learning of children with a learning disability. Mathematics for the population viewed is seen to mean mainly arithmetic. It is felt more research is clearly needed on teaching arithmetic to children with a learning disability. (MP)
Descriptors: Arithmetic, Basic Skills, Computation, Educational Research