Adaptation is one of the central concepts in evolutionary theory, which nonetheless has been given different definitions. Some scholars support a historical definition of adaptation, considering it as a trait that is the outcome of natural selection, whereas others support an ahistorical definition, considering it as a trait that contributes to…

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the core of a typical teaching collection was composed by apparatus, which were very similar to the ones proposed in the eighteenth century by 's Gravesande, Nollet, Desaguliers and others lecturer demonstrators and makers. Since 1820 circa, new didactic instruments were introduced. Most of them…