This study first investigates the effects of group structure on collective projections in groups, then examines how collective projections feed back and affect group structure. It examines the effects of having a deviant in a group on group projections and responses. (Author)

Summarizes research on the relationship of congruence conformity to status. Included are field studies of informal small groups, psychotherapy groups, formal groups and organizations, and election of politicians. Examines implications of the exemplar hypothesis stating high-status group members are closer than others to group ideals. (RC)

Reviews group behavioral issues from past space missions and simulations such as the Skylab Medical Experiments Altitude Test, Skylab missions, and Shuttle Spacelab I mission. Makes recommendations for future flights concerning commandership, crew selection, and ground-crew communications. Pre- and in-flight behavioral countermeasures are…

Analyzed small group, videotaped discussions of friendship in which graduate and undergraduate students participated. Evaluated the therapeutic and educational values of discussion groups on "closest friendship." Found the peak experience to coincide with the discussion of the possibility for true friendships between men and women. Discusses…

Examined the relationship between the social and task dimensions of small groups. Developed a measure of group members' feelings of cohesion. Demonstrated that perceptions about the quality of group interactions, goal attainment, group satisfaction, and group solidarity are significantly and positively related. (RC)

Examined effects of three group leadership styles on the personal and interpersonal functioning of 67 counselor trainees participating in a required group experience. Assigned participants to structured T-group, rotating leadership, and Rogerian group conditions. Pretest, posttest and followup scores on tests suggest that differences among the…

Groups play an important part in the lives of Japanese citizens. Interpersonal relations and harmony are the source of group strength. A comparison of group life in the United States and Japan indicates that, generally, Japanese work for their group's good, while Americans work for their personal good. (HLM)

In the absence of information to the contrary, an individual tends to assume that members of an out group have values which differ from his own. The effect is even more marked for highly prejudiced persons. In the present paper two experiments are reported which extend the belief similarity hypothesis. (Author)

The author describes a technique used in encounter groups, called query, which is action oriented and aims at promoting the self insight of group members. Asking questions of one another and role playing are two major aspects of the technique described. (SE)

The results suggested group space boundaries increased with group size (from groups of one to two to four) if group members were strangers, but not if group members were friends. The only nonspatial variable found to correlate with boundary size was personal identity. (Author)

Presents a theoretical model of group development based on five stages of development, each with a central issue. They are (1) orientation stage (dependence vs independence); (2) conflict stage (control vs adaptation); (3) integration stage (implicit vs explicit social structure); (4) achievement stage (intellectualizing vs implementation); and…

Sociologists and other scholars have long noted that the relationship of friendship contributes to mental health. Consequently, they have developed various interventions to promote friendship, from describing and quantifying it to designing programs to help the friendless. The background upon which groups were designed to promote the development…

Data show three patterns of response to the sensitivity training experience, an enhanced rate of change in some opposite sex relationships, more satisfaction with various types of elders, and dissatisfaction coupled with a possibly declining rate of change among same-sex work equals. (Author)

This study further investigates the validity of the McMillan Affective Relationship Scale (MARS) by (1) examining its relationship to other commonly used scales; (2) determining whether it was sensitive to change over time for encounter group participants; and (3) attempting to determine whether pretesting on MARS was a possible source of…

A field study of a naturally functioning group (N=125) was conducted to identify common group problems. Trained observers attended group meetings and described the problems encountered. Difficulties of cohesion, leadership, sub-group formation, and personality conflict were identified. (RC)