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Taking Arrows Seriously: Assessing Causality within Structural Equations with Latent Variables
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Steffen Erickson – Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness, 2024
Background: Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is a powerful and broadly utilized statistical framework. Researchers employ these models to dissect relationships into direct, indirect, and total effects (Bollen, 1989). These models unpack the "black box" issues within cause-and-effect studies by examining the underlying theoretical…
Descriptors: Structural Equation Models, Causal Models, Research Methodology, Error of Measurement
Structural after Measurement Estimation with Missing Data in Structural Equation Models
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Ben Kelcey; Fangxing Bai; Amota Ataneka; Yanli Xie; Kyle Cox – Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness, 2024
We develop a structural after measurement (SAM) method for structural equation models (SEMs) that accommodates missing data. The results show that the proposed SAM missing data estimator outperforms conventional full information (FI) estimators in terms of convergence, bias, and root-mean-square-error in small-to-moderate samples or large samples…
Descriptors: Structural Equation Models, Research Problems, Error of Measurement, Maximum Likelihood Statistics