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Timothy R. Konold; Elizabeth A. Sanders; Kelvin Afolabi – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2025
Measurement invariance (MI) is an essential part of validity evidence concerned with ensuring that tests function similarly across groups, contexts, and time. Most evaluations of MI involve multigroup confirmatory factor analyses (MGCFA) that assume simple structure. However, recent research has shown that constraining non-target indicators to…
Descriptors: Evaluation Methods, Error of Measurement, Validity, Monte Carlo Methods
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Johan Lyrvall; Zsuzsa Bakk; Jennifer Oser; Roberto Di Mari – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2024
We present a bias-adjusted three-step estimation approach for multilevel latent class models (LC) with covariates. The proposed approach involves (1) fitting a single-level measurement model while ignoring the multilevel structure, (2) assigning units to latent classes, and (3) fitting the multilevel model with the covariates while controlling for…
Descriptors: Hierarchical Linear Modeling, Statistical Bias, Error of Measurement, Simulation
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Tenko Raykov – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2024
This note demonstrates that measurement invariance does not guarantee meaningful and valid group comparisons in multiple-population settings. The article follows on a recent critical discussion by Robitzsch and Lüdtke, who argued that measurement invariance was not a pre-requisite for such comparisons. Within the framework of common factor…
Descriptors: Error of Measurement, Prerequisites, Factor Analysis, Evaluation Methods
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Shunji Wang; Katerina M. Marcoulides; Jiashan Tang; Ke-Hai Yuan – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2024
A necessary step in applying bi-factor models is to evaluate the need for domain factors with a general factor in place. The conventional null hypothesis testing (NHT) was commonly used for such a purpose. However, the conventional NHT meets challenges when the domain loadings are weak or the sample size is insufficient. This article proposes…
Descriptors: Hypothesis Testing, Error of Measurement, Comparative Analysis, Monte Carlo Methods
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Xiaohui Luo; Yueqin Hu – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2024
Intensive longitudinal data has been widely used to examine reciprocal or causal relations between variables. However, these variables may not be temporally aligned. This study examined the consequences and solutions of the problem of temporal misalignment in intensive longitudinal data based on dynamic structural equation models. First the impact…
Descriptors: Structural Equation Models, Longitudinal Studies, Data Analysis, Causal Models
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Yuejin Zhou; Wenwu Wang; Tao Hu; Tiejun Tong; Zhonghua Liu – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2024
Causal mediation analysis is a popular approach for investigating whether the effect of an exposure on an outcome is through a mediator to better understand the underlying causal mechanism. In recent literature, mediation analysis with multiple mediators has been proposed for continuous and dichotomous outcomes. In contrast, methods for mediation…
Descriptors: Regression (Statistics), Causal Models, Evaluation Methods, Vignettes
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Bang Quan Zheng; Peter M. Bentler – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2025
This paper aims to advocate for a balanced approach to model fit evaluation in structural equation modeling (SEM). The ongoing debate surrounding chi-square test statistics and fit indices has been characterized by ambiguity and controversy. Despite the acknowledged limitations of relying solely on the chi-square test, its careful application can…
Descriptors: Monte Carlo Methods, Structural Equation Models, Goodness of Fit, Robustness (Statistics)
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Emma Somer; Carl Falk; Milica Miocevic – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2024
Factor Score Regression (FSR) is increasingly employed as an alternative to structural equation modeling (SEM) in small samples. Despite its popularity in psychology, the performance of FSR in multigroup models with small samples remains relatively unknown. The goal of this study was to examine the performance of FSR, namely Croon's correction and…
Descriptors: Scores, Structural Equation Models, Comparative Analysis, Sample Size
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Manuel T. Rein; Jeroen K. Vermunt; Kim De Roover; Leonie V. D. E. Vogelsmeier – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2025
Researchers often study dynamic processes of latent variables in everyday life, such as the interplay of positive and negative affect over time. An intuitive approach is to first estimate the measurement model of the latent variables, then compute factor scores, and finally use these factor scores as observed scores in vector autoregressive…
Descriptors: Measurement Techniques, Factor Analysis, Scores, Validity
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Yuanfang Liu; Mark H. C. Lai; Ben Kelcey – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2024
Measurement invariance holds when a latent construct is measured in the same way across different levels of background variables (continuous or categorical) while controlling for the true value of that construct. Using Monte Carlo simulation, this paper compares the multiple indicators, multiple causes (MIMIC) model and MIMIC-interaction to a…
Descriptors: Classification, Accuracy, Error of Measurement, Correlation
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Li, Xin; Beretvas, S. Natasha – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2013
This simulation study investigated use of the multilevel structural equation model (MLSEM) for handling measurement error in both mediator and outcome variables ("M" and "Y") in an upper level multilevel mediation model. Mediation and outcome variable indicators were generated with measurement error. Parameter and standard…
Descriptors: Sample Size, Structural Equation Models, Simulation, Multivariate Analysis
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Leite, Walter L. – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2007
Univariate latent growth modeling (LGM) of composites of multiple items (e.g., item means or sums) has been frequently used to analyze the growth of latent constructs. This study evaluated whether LGM of composites yields unbiased parameter estimates, standard errors, chi-square statistics, and adequate fit indexes. Furthermore, LGM was compared…
Descriptors: Comparative Analysis, Computation, Structural Equation Models, Goodness of Fit
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Lu, Irene R. R.; Thomas, D. Roland – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2008
This article considers models involving a single structural equation with latent explanatory and/or latent dependent variables where discrete items are used to measure the latent variables. Our primary focus is the use of scores as proxies for the latent variables and carrying out ordinary least squares (OLS) regression on such scores to estimate…
Descriptors: Least Squares Statistics, Computation, Item Response Theory, Structural Equation Models
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Little, Todd D.; Bovaird, James A.; Widaman, Keith F. – Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2006
The goals of this article are twofold: (a) briefly highlight the merits of residual centering for representing interaction and powered terms in standard regression contexts (e.g., Lance, 1988), and (b) extend the residual centering procedure to represent latent variable interactions. The proposed method for representing latent variable…
Descriptors: Interaction, Structural Equation Models, Evaluation Methods, Regression (Statistics)