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Efland, Arthur – Studies in Art Education, 2000
Discusses a cognitive model that is an alternative to Jerome Bruner's spiral curriculum, developed and based on the metaphor that the mind's knowledge base is a lattice. States that the lattice metaphor offers an understanding of cognition but some questions still remained unanswered. (CMK)
Descriptors: Art Education, Cognitive Processes, Curriculum Development, Educational Practices

Bresler, Liora – Studies in Art Education, 1994
Reports on a three-year ethnographic study of the visual arts curriculum in three elementary schools. Finds three distinct orientations: (1) the rote, teacher-centered orientation; (2) the open-ended, student-centered orientation; and (3) the higher order, cognitive orientation. (CFR)
Descriptors: Art Education, Art Teachers, Class Organization, Classroom Environment

Short, Georgianna – Studies in Art Education, 1995
Reports on a study of the higher-order thinking and subject matter understanding of 18 preservice art teachers. Finds that only some exhibited the higher-order thinking or in-depth understanding expected of specialists in visual art. Discusses implications for teacher preparation. (CFR)
Descriptors: Art Education, Art Teachers, Cognitive Processes, Concept Formation