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Peer reviewedBusch, Michael; Turner, Jean – TESOL Quarterly, 1993
Item-writing considerations in creating instruments using Likert-type scales, according to Michael Busch, include semantics of labeling response choices and number of response categories. Jean Turner discusses problems regarding the use of Likert-scale questionnaires for L2 research, for instance the cultural background of language learners being…
Descriptors: Language Research, Likert Scales, Questionnaires, Second Language Learning
Peer reviewedSiegel, Andrew F. – TESOL Quarterly, 1990
Reviews the role of statistical hypothesis testing in research, discusses the problems with multiple t tests, indicates when they are a problem, and suggests a compromise solution. (one reference) (JL)
Descriptors: Language Research, Language Tests, Research Problems, Statistical Analysis
Peer reviewedTraugott, Elizabeth Closs; And Others – TESOL Quarterly, 1992
Two members and a former member of the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) Policy Council respond to Raimes' concerns about the TOEFL Test of Written English, particularly regarding the Educational Testing Service's research agenda and its effect on English-as-a-Second-Language instruction and graduate school admission. (17 references)…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Equal Education, Essays, Graduate Study
