Studies have found that flipped classroom teaching (FT) improves learning compared to lecture-based teaching (LT). However, whether the structured teacher-student interaction--the key feature of FT--plays an essential role in enhancing learning remains unclear, as do its neural underpinnings. Here, we compared three teaching conditions: FT with a…

Activities that are effective in supporting attention have the potential to increase opportunities for student learning. However, little is known about the impact of instructional contexts on student attention, in part due to limitations in our ability to measure attention in the classroom, typically based on behavioral observation and…

How does STEM knowledge learned in school change students' brains? Using fMRI, we presented photographs of real-world structures to engineering students with classroom-based knowledge and hands-on lab experience, examining how their brain activity differentiated them from their "novice" peers not pursuing engineering degrees. A…