Recent studies indicate that the number of students electing to study Geography in Malaysian upper secondary schools, and their level of achievement in the subject, has declined. The main factor appears to be a lack of motivation. Yet there has been little research into the impact of instructional methods on Geography students' motivation and…

Digital badges are the components demonstrating competency and knowledge of the learners. The use of digital badges used to reflect the skills of learners is becoming increasingly widespread in the teaching environments. In addition, these badges are starting to take their places among documents such as certificates and diplomas. In this study,…

Online and blended learning, developed with advances in technology, have gained relative importance in modern communities. In recent years, the concept of creating learning communities has been coined to increase effectiveness of these learning environments. Based on this concept, Garrison, Anderson, and Archer (2000) developed the Community of…