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Direct linkUmansky, Ilana M. – Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 2016
Across the United States, students who are deemed not to be proficient in English are classified as English learners (ELs). This classification entitles students to specialized services but may also result in stigmatization and barriers to educational opportunity. This article uses a regression discontinuity design to estimate the effect of EL…
Descriptors: English Language Learners, Classification, Social Bias, Labeling (of Persons)
Umansky, Ilana M.; Valentino, Rachel A.; Reardon, Sean F. – Stanford Center for Education Policy Analysis, 2015
One in five school-age children in the U.S. speaks a language other than English at home (Zeigler & Camarota, 2014). Roughly half of these emerging bilingual students (Garcia, 2009) are classified as English learners (ELs) when they enter school, meaning they do not meet state or district criteria for English proficiency (NCES, 2015). As the…
Descriptors: Bilingual Education, Immersion Programs, Bilingual Students, English Language Learners
