Vygotsky speculated that parents play an important role in the intellectual development of their children, and that this role includes the transfer of expectations related to their children's academic achievement. Consequently, different parents can produce different contexts of academic achievement for their children. The participants were 215…

Effects are reported of a Durham, North Carolina Education Improvement Program (EIP), a five-year compensatory education program, on social, intellectual, linguistic, and academic development of disadvantaged children. Regarding socialization, changes in social behavior are found to be more a function of specific setting variables, especially…

Two models were identified for criterion-referenced tests, one based on the assumption of a continuous achievement variable and the other assuming a dichotomous or binary variable. Several test characteristics were examined and contrasted for the two models, including the distribution of scores, establishment of a cutting score, test length, item…