This dissertation attempts to create an improved collaborative effort between in-school and after-school educators. The purpose of this study is to examine the current process by which after-school educational programs collaborate with in-school leaders to enhance students' academic achievement. To address this challenge, this research study will; (1) examine the current obstacles between in- and out-of-school programs, particularly for Black students; and (2) determine the nature of partnerships that currently exist between in- and out-of-school programs in the Pittsburgh region. The literature explores the history of after-school partnerships and the challenges and opportunities associated with implementing quality after-school programs in urban educational settings. The results of this study will help after-school program directors and school leaders identify how to best support long-term success for youth. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]