Theory based advising for undecided students has become even more critical with the challenges that higher education is facing due to the enrollment crisis. Advisor's need data-based tools to help isolate individual student's problems with the decision-making process. An advising "theory only focused on education or student development does…

A lack of empirical research on career decision-making experience of doctoral students prevents them from developing relevant career competencies to achieve desired career goals. Understanding career experiences and diverse career needs of doctoral students is crucial to better prepare them for varied career paths inside and outside academia.…

The career concern differences between undecided and decided college students (N = 223) are examined. Undecided college students (n = 83) reported lower career decision-making self-efficacy, higher incidences of negative career thoughts, and more career decision-making difficulties than their decided peers (n = 143). Results reveal that undecided…