PISA for Development (PISA-D) is a six-year project set to conclude in 2019. From 2021, the initiative will be integrated into the main PISA test, making the assessment more accessible and relevant to a wider range of countries, especially middle- and low-income countries. The PISA 2021 cognitive instruments will use adaptive testing that allows…

This paper provides a history of ETS's role in developing assessment instruments and psychometric procedures for measuring change in large-scale national assessments funded by the Longitudinal Studies branch of the National Center for Education Statistics. It documents the innovations developed during more than 30 years of working with…

Requirements for adaptive testing are reviewed, and the reasons implementation has taken so long are explored. The adaptive test is illustrated through the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale of L. M. Terman and M. A. Merrill (1960). Current adaptive testing is tied to the development of item response theory. (SLD)