Because of lack of funds and the failure of the mass literacy campaign, the government of Indonesia has concentrated on the consolidation of literacy by organizing reading groups of neo-literates. Reading materials are obtained from all technical departments concerned with rural development. (EB)

This ERIC digest examines states' goals of rural literacy programs and the types of programs that have proven effective in the past. It includes several definitions of literacy applied by effective rural literacy programs. It also examines the conditions that support or limit widespread influence of effective programs in rural areas. The level of…

Much has been said and written about the importance of local and community organizations for the development of access to learning opportunities in impoverished countries. Calls for greater self-reliance and for educational services relevant to local conditions and community needs and that meet the needs of all constituents have increased since…