Language learning strategies (LLS), here defined as specific actions or mental procedures that assist in fulfilling language learning goals, have attracted increasing attention as one of the factors that impact second language acquisition. A key reason for their appeal is that language learning strategies can be manipulated to an extent that most…

Advanced students of English as a Second Language bring attitudinal differences and particular linguistic challenges to the classroom. They can generally communicate well in English, making individual needs less obvious and less consistent. Students may resist shifting from intermediate instruction, in which emphasis is on what the student knows,…