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Perner, Josef; Sprung, Manuel; Zauner, Petra; Haider, Hubert – Child Development, 2003
Two experiments with monolingual German-speaking 2.5- to 4.5-year-olds showed a consistent developmental gap between children's memory/inference of what someone wanted and what someone wrongly said or thought. Correct answers emerged with mastery of the false-belief task. It was concluded that the observed gap constrains de Villiers's linguistic…
Descriptors: Age Differences, Cognitive Development, German, Language Acquisition
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Perner, Josef – Cognition, 1995
Contrasts Fodor's theory of children's Very Simple Theory of Mind, with the view that children's concepts cross-cut the adult conceptual system: young children do not distinguish between the state of affairs a belief is about and how this state of affairs is thought of, which puts a severe limit on their understanding of belief as distinct from…
Descriptors: Age Differences, Beliefs, Child Development, Cognitive Development
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Clements, Wendy A.; Perner, Josef – Cognitive Development, 1994
Implicit understanding of false belief was investigated by monitoring where preschoolers looked in anticipation of a protagonist reappearing, when the protagonist mistakenly thinks that his desired object is in a different place from where it really is. Two-year olds erroneously looked at the object's real location whereas most older children…
Descriptors: Age Differences, Beliefs, Cognitive Development, Developmental Stages
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Ruffman, Ted; Perner, Josef; Naito, Mika; Parkin, Lindsay; Clements, Wendy A. – Developmental Psychology, 1998
Four experiments and an analysis of pooled data from English and Japanese children show a linear increase in understanding false beliefs with number of older siblings; no such effect for children younger than 38 months; no helpful effect of younger siblings at any age; no effect of siblings' gender; and no helpful effect of siblings on a source…
Descriptors: Age Differences, Cognitive Development, Foreign Countries, Metacognition
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Perner, Josef; Leekam, Susan R. – Journal of Child Language, 1986
Investigates young children's ability to adjust the content of their verbal responses according to what they know their listener knows. Younger and older three-year-old children were able to discern what another person knew and did not know and adjusted their responses accordingly. Younger three-year-olds tended to be underinformative. (SED)
Descriptors: Age Differences, Child Language, Cognitive Development, Communication Skills
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Perner, Josef; And Others – Child Development, 1994
Two experiments investigated the relationship between family size and "theory of mind." Results from an experiment with three- and four-year olds showed that children from larger families were better able than children from smaller families to predict a story character's mistaken (false-belief based) action. (MDM)
Descriptors: Age Differences, Beliefs, Children, Cognitive Development