Field independence describes the extent to which individuals are influenced by context when trying to identify embedded targets. It associates with cognitive functioning and is a predictor of academic achievement. However, little is known about the neural and cognitive underpinnings of field independence that lead to these associations. Here, we…

Mathematics is an important school subject but one which often poses problems for learners. It has been found that learners do not possess the cognitive capacity to handle understanding procedures, representations, concepts, and applications at the same time. while the extent of field dependency may hold the key to one way by which the working…

Three groups of boys, aged 6, 9, and 12 years, performed a positioning task with retention intervals of 10 and 30 seconds and visual-plus-kinesthetic or kinesthetic-only cues. Developmental differences were evidenced between the six-year-olds and older boys but not between the two older groups. (Author/SJL)