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Attributions to Success and Failure in English Language Learning: The Effects of Gender, Age and Perceived Success
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Genç, Gülten – Online Submission, 2016
The main purpose of this study is to analyze Turkish tertiary level EFL learners' attributions to success and failure and the effects of gender, age, and perceived success on their attributions. The results indicated that EFL learners respectively attributed interest, ability, task difficulty, effort, luck and the influence of teacher and school…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction, Student Attitudes
Differentiation of the Concepts of Luck and Skill.
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Nicholls, John G.; Miller, Arden T. – Developmental Psychology, 1985
Kindergarten through eighth-grade children were presented with two revisions (luck and skill) of the Matching Familiar Figures Test. Questioning about performance of hypothetical others revealed four levels of differentiation of luck and skill. These levels showed parallels with age-related changes in conceptions of difficulty, effort, and…
Descriptors: Adolescents, Age Differences, Attribution Theory, Children
The Development of the Concept of Difficulty.
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Nicholls, John G. – Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 1980
The central idea behind this study is that at about seven years of age the concept of normative difficulty emerges, resulting in changes in interpretation of terms such as "hard" and "easy," as well as of normative cues. (Author/DB)
Descriptors: Age Differences, Attribution Theory, Children, Cognitive Development
The Development of the Concepts of Effort and Ability, Perception of Academic Attainment, and the Understanding that Difficult Tasks Require More Ability.
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Nicholls, John G. – Child Development, 1978
Selected cognitive developments presumed to mediate the development of achievement motivation are described. Age trends for four causal schemes involving the concepts of effort and ability from 5 to 13 years of age are presented. Developments related to ability, task difficulty, and incentive value are also described. (Author/JMB)
Descriptors: Ability, Age Differences, Attribution Theory, Concept Formation
Children's Causal Attributions of Female and Male Success and Failure.
Etaugh, Claire; And Others – 1980
The purpose of this study was to clarify the age of emergence of differential attributions for the success and failure of girls and boys on feminine and masculine tasks. Subjects were 192 children attending either preschool or third grade. From this group 6 boys and 6 girls from each grade level were randomly assigned to one of eight conditions…
Descriptors: Ability, Age Differences, Attribution Theory, Difficulty Level
Children's Use of Personality Attributions to Predict Other People's Emotional and Behavioral Reactions.
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Gnepp, Jackie; Chilamkurti, Chinni – Child Development, 1988
When kindergarten, second grade, fourth grade, and college students listened to stories and were asked to predict and explain the story character's behavioral or emotional reaction to a new event, the use of personality attributions to predict and explain future reactions increased with age. (RH)
Descriptors: Age Differences, Attribution Theory, Behavior, College Students