Language maintenance remains either passive, with no overt efforts at preservation or active with language planning. Models for language maintenance are reviewed along with language reinforcement efforts. An annotated bibliography is included. (Contains 43 references.) (LB)

Current definitions of literacy reflect a holistic view of reading and writing as linguistic enterprises situated in social and intellectual contexts. This article reviews early reading and writing, aspects of comprehension, reading/writing learning problems, and second and foreign language literacy. (99 references) (LB)

Reviews recent trends in generative research on second language acquisition, focusing on the role of universal grammar, parameter resetting, and anaphoric binding. An annotated bibliography discusses five important works in the field. (61 references) (MDM)

In view of assertions that reading is a form of constrained reasoning, evidence is presented that indicates that lexical access in fluent readers is not at all like reasoning or problem solving. Reading theory is discussed in terms of cognitive science, connectionism, context use in word recognition, modularity, constructivism, and phonological…

Sociocultural approaches to literacy question several related assumptions inherited from the discipline of cognitive psychology, including the following: (1) thinking and speaking are functions of individual minds; (2) literacy is an individual mental skill involving the ability to read and write; and (3) intelligence, knowledge, and aptitude are…

The key question identified is not whether literacy theories, practices, and research recognize variable and contextual aspects of literacy, but whether they consider how this diversity positions learners, teachers, and researchers with respect to existing inequities and relations of domination and subordination. (55 references) (LB)

It is argued that "unplanned" language policy and planning are an important but underexamined aspect of the field of language planning. Planners must consider the problems raised by "unplanned" aspects and scholars must document their effects on language planning. (Contains 15 references.) (LB)

Examines recent trends in phonetics and phonology and their influence on second language instruction, specifically grammar and lexicography. An annotated bibliography discusses nine important works in the field. (99 references) (MDM)

Reviews recent research on the application of sociocultural theory to second language (L2) acquisition, focusing on activity theory and the relevance of motives and goals for L2 learning, the role of private speech in L2 learning, and learning in the zone of proximal development. An annotated bibliography discusses 8 important works in the field.…

The relationship of systemic functional linguistic theory to the following themes is examined: differences between speech and writing; written genres; and the study of spoken language, especially for its relevance in school learning. (65 references) (LB)

A review of Maghreb language and literacy covers the following: historical and cultural context; sociolinguistic situation; language policies and planning; language and literacy use; literacy education in three instructional contexts (Quranic, public primary, and adult literacy schooling); and future directions. (42 references) (LB)

Reviews recent research on the use of language in the mass media, focusing on the work of Teun van Dijk, A. Bell, Roger Fowler, and Norman Fairclough, as well as research on broadcast interviews, talk shows, and advertising. An annotated bibliography discusses 16 important works in the field. (58 references) (MDM)

Reviews research in the field of language and gender from the 1970s through the 1990s, observing that language and gender research has moved away from variationist studies to broad-based ethnographic investigations and examinations of discourse and conversation where language is studied in communicative context. An annotated bibliography discusses…

Examines recent trends in the fields of translation and interpretation, focusing on translation and interpretation theory and practice, language-specific challenges, computer-assisted translation, machine translation, subtitling, and translator and interpreter training. An annotated bibliography discusses seven important works in the field. (112…

Reviews recent research on language maintenance and language loss, focusing on the loss of a second language in a first language environment, the linguistic aspects of loss, and relearning a "lost" language. An annotated bibliography discusses nine important works in the field. (43 references) (MDM)