The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a fourth-grade arithmetic sequence based on calculator flow-charting with those of traditional textbook instruction. Both achievement and attitude were compared. Students were matched on the basis of intelligence (Otis Quick-Scoring Mental Ability Beta Test Form EM) and sex, and then randomly…

This historical study describes the development of braille and non-braille devices designed to aid the blind in arithmetic computations. Several such devices are described and evaluated. The author concludes that documentation of the development of arithmetic devices is unavailable, especially about the nature of 17th and 18th century devices…

This study was conducted to determine the relative effectiveness of the use of three different combinations of enactive, ikonic and symbolic representation in teaching multiplication to third-grade students. Ninety students in three classrooms were instructed in accordance with the assigned treatment for nine weeks. Groups were equated using the…

The author designed an instructional package including slides and tape cassettes for individual use by students learning to use a hand calculator to perform computations. Students (n=17) using the package were given pretests and posttests of ability and attitude. On the three sets of cognitive objectives, mastery was achieved by 96 percent, 76…