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Women Are More Likely than Men to Use Tentative Language, Aren't They? A Meta-Analysis Testing for Gender Differences and Moderators
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Leaper, Campbell; Robnett, Rachael D. – Psychology of Women Quarterly, 2011
Robin Lakoff proposed that women are more likely than men to use tentative speech forms (e.g., hedges, qualifiers/disclaimers, tag questions, intensifiers). Based on conflicting results from research testing Lakoff's claims, a meta-analysis of studies testing gender differences in tentative language was conducted. The sample included 29 studies…
Descriptors: Females, Familiarity, Testing, Assertiveness
Gender, Affiliation, Assertion, and the Interactive Context of Parent-Child Play.
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Leaper, Campbell – Developmental Psychology, 2000
Examined parent-child play with sex-stereotyped toys in young U.S. children of varied ethnic background. Found that the play activity accounted for a large proportion of the variance in parents' and children's mean affiliation and assertion ratings. Identified gender and ethnic group differences. Highlighted the importance of role modeling and…
Descriptors: Affiliation Need, Assertiveness, Ethnic Groups, Parent Child Relationship
Agency, Communion, and Gender as Predictors of Communication Style and Being Liked in Adult Male-Female Dyads.
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Leaper, Campbell – Sex Roles, 1987
Each of 76 unacquainted pairs of male-female college students was given a popular issue to discuss for five minutes. Self-perceived agency was significantly associated with verbal assertiveness: high-agency persons used fewer indirect statements and fewer passive self-references than low-agency persons. (Author/LHW)
Descriptors: Assertiveness, College Students, Communication (Thought Transfer), Communication Research