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Showing 1 to 15 of 22 results Save | Export
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Hertog, Steffen – Sociological Methods & Research, 2023
In mixed methods approaches, statistical models are used to identify "nested" cases for intensive, small-n investigation for a range of purposes, including notably the examination of causal mechanisms. This article shows that under a commonsense interpretation of causal effects, large-n models allow no reliable conclusions about effect…
Descriptors: Case Studies, Generalization, Prediction, Mixed Methods Research
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Hamsher, Sarah – Journal of Character Education, 2018
Character education in schools is implemented using different approaches. The current practices related to character education, though, include educators implementing preplanned lessons and activities from published programs. Yet, these current practices have mixed reviews in large- and small-scale studies. The purpose of this article is to…
Descriptors: Citizenship Education, Teaching Methods, Causal Models, Attribution Theory
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Bao, Lei; Koenig, Kathleen; Xiao, Yang; Fritchman, Joseph; Zhou, Shaona; Chen, Cheng – Physical Review Physics Education Research, 2022
Abilities in scientific thinking and reasoning have been emphasized as core areas of initiatives, such as the Next Generation Science Standards or the College Board Standards for College Success in Science, which focus on the skills the future will demand of today's students. Although there is rich literature on studies of how these abilities…
Descriptors: Physics, Science Instruction, Teaching Methods, Thinking Skills
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Gaier, Scott E. – Research & Teaching in Developmental Education, 2015
According to attribution theory, people seek to make sense of their environment through ascribing causality to their behavior and the behavior of others and these attributions impact future behavior (Jones et al., 1972). In essence, people seek to answer and understand why. This fundamental concept associated with attribution theory is important…
Descriptors: Attribution Theory, Success, Academic Achievement, Causal Models
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Lei, Wu; Qing, Fang; Zhou, Jin – International Journal of Distance Education Technologies, 2016
There are usually limited user evaluation of resources on a recommender system, which caused an extremely sparse user rating matrix, and this greatly reduce the accuracy of personalized recommendation, especially for new users or new items. This paper presents a recommendation method based on rating prediction using causal association rules.…
Descriptors: Causal Models, Attribution Theory, Correlation, Evaluation Methods
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Schlotter, Martin; Schwerdt, Guido; Woessmann, Ludger – Education Economics, 2011
Education policy-makers and practitioners want to know which policies and practices can best achieve their goals. But research that can inform evidence-based policy often requires complex methods to distinguish causation from accidental association. Avoiding econometric jargon and technical detail, this paper explains the main idea and intuition…
Descriptors: Educational Policy, Policy Analysis, Research Methodology, Economics
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Cook, Thomas D.; Scriven, Michael; Coryn, Chris L. S.; Evergreen, Stephanie D. H. – American Journal of Evaluation, 2010
Legitimate knowledge claims about causation have been a central concern among evaluators and applied researchers for several decades and often have been the subject of heated debates. In recent years these debates have resurfaced with a renewed intensity, due in part to the priority currently being given to randomized experiments by many funders…
Descriptors: Evaluators, Research Design, Causal Models, Inferences
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Rogers, Rick – Teaching History, 2011
Analogies for teaching about causation abound. Rick Rogers is alert, however, to the risks inherent in drawing on everyday ideas to explain historical processes. What most often gets lost is the importance of the chronological dimension; both the length of time during which some contributory causes may have been present, and the ways in which they…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, History Instruction, Attribution Theory, Time Perspective
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Jonassen, David H.; Ionas, Ioan Gelu – Educational Technology Research and Development, 2008
Causal reasoning represents one of the most basic and important cognitive processes that underpin all higher-order activities, such as conceptual understanding and problem solving. Hume called causality the "cement of the universe" [Hume (1739/2000). Causal reasoning is required for making predictions, drawing implications and…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Inferences, Thinking Skills, Causal Models
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White, Peter A. – Psychological Review, 2006
It is hypothesized that there is a pervasive and fundamental bias in humans' understanding of physical causation: Once the roles of cause and effect are assigned to objects in interactions, people tend to overestimate the strength and importance of the causal object and underestimate that of the effect object in bringing about the outcome. This…
Descriptors: Psychological Evaluation, Evaluation Methods, Influences, Attribution Theory
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Sloman, Steven A.; Lagnado, David A. – Cognitive Science, 2005
A normative framework for modeling causal and counterfactual reasoning has been proposed by Spirtes, Glymour, and Scheines (1993; cf. Pearl, 2000). The framework takes as fundamental that reasoning from observation and intervention differ. Intervention includes actual manipulation as well as counterfactual manipulation of a model via thought. To…
Descriptors: Observation, Intervention, Causal Models, Prediction
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Iwata, Brian A. – Behavior Analyst, 2006
In this article, the author presents his views on Michael's (1975) and Baron and Galizio's (2005) arguments on eliminating the distinction between positive and negative reinforcement. He first discusses Michael's concept of these two types of operations and contrasts it with the notions of Baron and Galizio. The author provides the readers his own…
Descriptors: Negative Reinforcement, Positive Reinforcement, Definitions, Stimuli
Cutler, David M.; Lleras-Muney, Adriana – National Poverty Center, University of Michigan, 2006
There is a well known large and persistent association between education and health. This relationship has been observed in many countries and time periods, and for a wide variety of health measures. The differences between the more and the less educated are significant: in 1999, the age-adjusted mortality rate of high school dropouts ages 25 to…
Descriptors: Health, Education, Relationship, Health Behavior
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Lattal, Kennon A.; Lattal, Alice D. – Behavior Analyst, 2006
Baron and Galizio (2005) reviewed and updated Michael's (1975) observations concerning the problems surrounding the distinction between positive and negative reinforcement. In the end they concluded that the valence is unjustified. However, despite the fact that the logical and empirical underpinnings of the distinction have been questioned for…
Descriptors: Negative Reinforcement, Positive Reinforcement, Classification, Attribution Theory
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Gitelman, Alix I. – Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 2005
In group-allocation studies for comparing behavioral, social, or educational interventions, subjects in the same group necessarily receive the same treatment, whereby a group and/or group-dynamic effect can confound the treatment effect. General counterfactual outcomes that depend on group characteristics, group membership, and treatment are…
Descriptors: Computation, Causal Models, Intervention, Group Membership
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