A major purpose of the study was to assess the relative effects of group versus individually contingent free time in modifing student behaviors. Other purposes were to determine the effectiveness of well-planned lesson activities and tokens without back-up reinforcers. (Author)

The behavior oriented elementary school counselor can expand his role to include crisis problems once handled entirely by clinicians outside the school setting. A behavioral approach permits the counselor to treat problems such as school phobia as a function of environmental consequences. (Author)