Four areas of procrastination discussed in this article are: (1) the perfection trap; (2) the need to avoid avoidance; (3) the completion trap; and (4) the failure to prioritize. Included are an explanation of each area, examples of reasons people put off tasks, and methods of coping with procrastination. (EM)

Results of a survey show that all of the employers surveyed were apparently trained to use "tough talk" to control employees. In an experimental case described in the article, the application of behavioral technology to business problems resulted in tremendous payoffs, both to employer and employee. (Author/SC)

An analysis of educational research which indicates that behavior modification principles can be used to change or increase complex cognitive and interpersonal behaviors. (Author/HB)

Forty-three references dealing with the teaching of behavior therapy and behavior modification are included in this bibliography. (DE)

A discussion of a new emphasis for behavior modification which produces behaviors to prompts rather than reaction to information. (HB)

Ex-smokers (N = 61) who had stopped smoking as part of a televised "clinic" were assigned to either a tape-reinforcement or nonreinforcement condition and were followed up a month later. A self-regulated reward system can be an extremely cost-effective tool in preventing short-term recidivism among neophyte ex-smokers. (Author)

Administered a questionnaire on expected effects of alcohol to 150 college students. Results showed that subjects expected alcohol to affect other people more than themselves for both positive and negative effects. Moderate and heavy drinkers expected as much pleasure from alcohol as they expected others to receive. (Author/LLL)

A major purpose of the study was to assess the relative effects of group versus individually contingent free time in modifing student behaviors. Other purposes were to determine the effectiveness of well-planned lesson activities and tokens without back-up reinforcers. (Author)

Behavior is guided by its consequences. Paper explores the events which occur when people attempt to control other people's behavior using this principle. (Author)

Fear of personal change makes many beginning counselors resist the help and guidance offered them in the practicum setting, often leaving their supervisors perplexed and frustrated. Types of resistance used by counselors are examined in this article. Methods and techniques available to supervisors in dealing with such resistance are discussed.…

The results of the study indicate that sensitivity training does produce positive behavioral changes. (Author)

Desensitization or assertive training or both were applied to hospitalized schizophrenics who displayed phobias, lack of interpersonal assertiveness, or both. In none of the patients did desensitization produce any reduction of avoidance of the feared object. The assertive training produces minimal improvement in two patients. (Author)

In a case of claustrophobia and in another with fears of flying, Japanese defense activities of the Karate type proved to be effective counter conditioners of anxiety. They were used in the former case in vivo and in the later case both in imagination and in vivo. (Author)

Fading allows counselors to assist children in acquiring, with minimal frustration and errors, independent behavior at an age earlier than previously thought possible. Beginning responsibility training at an early age will enhance the development of the pupil's capacity for self direction and will increase decision making skills. (Author)