Results from the study indicate that the awareness-of-rationalizations procedure is more effective in convincing discontented smokers of the personal relevance of the health hazards of smoking than the control procedure, which presents the same specific information to refute typical rationalizations. (Author/PC)

The present findings fit commonsense expectations that self-control, responsibility, and cognitive caution should go along with subjectively locating past and future close to the present. Performance on a simple time line may reflect some of the intimate relationships between temporal experience and personality. (Author)

The data demonstrate the existence of a unified, negative cognitive content that is associated with depressed mood among normal subjects. Since cognition emerged as a more stable characteristic than affect, one might conjecture that the cognitive component is activated in--and perhaps triggers--the development of depressed mood. (Author)

Counseling response preferences of graduate students completing internship requirements were assessed. It was hypothesized that at the end of the internship the students would show a significant increase in preference for active counseling responses. Five counseling responses were evaluated, and change did occur as hypothesized. (Author)

Reports results of whether microtraining was more effective than reflective listening in teaching attending behavior skills to introductory counseling students. Found no significant differences between the two techniques; however, reflective listening was viewed as a much simpler procedure. (PC)

Retrospective accounts of 42 married couples were used to construct a developmental model of courtship. A basic three-stage pattern was found to characterize the majority of relationships from initial acquaintance to marriage: Casual Dating, Serious Dating and Engagement. Changes in the relationships were measured through the use of a standardized…

Knowledge about guns and the relation between play with guns and aggressivity was assessed in a group of 5-9 year old children. Each child was questioned about his gun play and his understanding of guns after he was shown a display of two toy and two real guns. This data was then correlated with a teacher rating of aggression for each child.…

This article presents 10 examples of research that illustrate applications of research to real needs and the competent practitioner's need for research skills. Each example includes a description of a project that served as the research opportunity, the prompt that triggered the research, and the research activity. (MBR)

The criminal development of habitual felons was examined by means of lengthy interviews with 49 prison inmates, all armed robbers serving at least their second prison terms. Results are not considered generalized, but should be regarded as 49 case studies. Although some of the findings were consistent with traditional images (juvenile offender…

Two kinds of videotaped modeling--an expert and a coping model approach--were compared as to the relative effectiveness of each method in reducing beginning counselors' anxiety toward a counseling interview. Those persons who viewed expert models significantly reduced situationally related anxiety following participation in an analogue interview.…

Children (N=408) from three experimental infant schools in Israel were observed during their free play for three consecutive weeks, using observational categories based on Parten's (1932) work. Findings based on 2,157 observations provide norms of social behavior and organization for ages five to seven, an age group which was not studied…

The purpose of this research was to study expectations of elementary school children in two ways: experimentally and observationally. Expectations may be roughly defined as a child's ideas of his own ability at a particular task. From the data it appears that childrens' expectations could be raised experimentally by a suitable adult and high…

This study analyzed the mental distractions of students while reading a text. Ss were asked to press a switch to record mental distractions as they occurred, and a treatment was designed to attempt to reduce the number of distractions. The hypothesis related to the treatment effect was that students given explicit training to reduce distractions…

In testing Weiner's (1972) attribution theory of achievement behavior, success was found to produce (1) no differential attribution to effort for those high and low in achievement motivation, and (2) an early performance asymptote for those high in achievement motivation, while (3) it also facilitated performance independently of attributions. The…

The adolescent's exploration of himself and his relationship to other individuals, as well as the interaction between the social and physical environment and his own behavior are among the goals of the Identity Unit. The unit infuses these objectives with the cognitive components of a junior-senior English literature curriculum. This guide offers…