Two experiments to study the development of the meaning of laughter in children are reported. A pilot study presented recorded audio tapes with both humorous and nonhumorous episodes, some with accompanying canned laughter, to 24 boys between the ages of 4 and 6 years. Observers recorded durations of laughter and smiling. Results showed that both…

Upon the death of a family member societally imposed role expectancies emerge. The participant observer method utilized in the context of a bereavement self-help group revealed not only the emergence of distinct roles but also five groups to which these roles were related. Generally, the group members and the groups themselves spanned a continuum…

The study examined the experiences in the physical and social outdoor environment of low-income Chicano children living in an urban barrio, an urban housing project, and a rural setting. Subjects were 3 to 12 years of age, of any ethnic group, and of both sexes. Infants (those younger than 3 years) and adults (those older than 12 years) were coded…