Having never embraced behaviorism and its emphasis on fragmented knowledge, direct instruction, and reinforcement contingencies, German schools have fostered a constructivist learning perspective for quite some time. German students are helped to make connections that develop and strengthen their internal knowledge structures and build their…

Americans tend to associate "vocational education" with narrow training for marginal students. After years of valuing abstract learning over applied academics, theorists are realizing many students learn better in applied settings. To reverse low productivity, raise living standards, and compete successfully in export market, we must…

Attributes the divergence between U.S. and German approaches to educational psychology prior to World War II to the German emphasis on "Gestaltpsychologie." This approach focused on hermeneutics and philosophy rather than behaviorism. The emphasis on a total, interconnected philosophical approach was later corrupted by the Nazis into…