The urbanization of the black population is a relatively recent phenomenon. Historically, migration has been the major source of the growth of the black population in the large cities of the North, yet the migration from nonmetropolitan to metropolitan areas has been going long enough to have established a substantial black population in the…

Historical, linguistic, cultural, and political variables are important in understanding the development and implementation of Milwaukee urban bilingual education programs, established in 1969 and including kindergarten through 12th grades at 11 elementary and 4 secondary schools. Hispanics comprise 6% of school enrollment (5,334 pupils, of whom…