Being able to notice that a cause-effect relation is getting stronger or weaker is important for adapting to one's environment and deciding how to use the cause in the future. We conducted an experiment in which participants learned about a cause-effect relation that either got stronger or weaker over time. The experiment was conducted with a…

Regression discontinuity (RD) designs are increasingly used for causal evaluations. However, the literature contains little guidance for conducting a moderation analysis within an RDD context. The current article focuses on moderation with a single binary variable. A simulation study compares: (1) different bandwidth selectors and (2) local…

Increasing evidence highlights the role of disrupted circadian rhythms in the neural dysfunctions and sleep disturbances observed in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. However, the causality and directionality of these associations remain unclear. In this study, we employed a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian…

The random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RICLPM) decomposes longitudinal associations between two processes X and Y into stable between-person associations and temporal within-person changes. In a recent study, Bailey et al. demonstrated through a simulation study that the between-person variance components in the RICLPM can occur only due…

The objective of this article is to develop a causal relationship factor model affecting entrepreneurial behavior for sustainable development using a mixed-methods research approach that integrated both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The quantitative phase involved testing the causal relationships affecting entrepreneurial behavior by…

Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) are now a popular tool to inform causal inferences. We discuss how DAGs can also be used to encode theoretical assumptions about nonprobability samples and survey nonresponse and to determine whether population quantities including conditional distributions and regressions can be identified. We describe sources of…

Random encouragement designs evaluate treatments that aim to increase participation in a program or activity. These randomized controlled trials (RCTs) can also assess the mediated effects of participation itself on longer term outcomes using a complier average causal effect (CACE) estimation framework. This article considers power analysis…

Research suggests that whilst not more likely to offend, autistic people are overrepresented within the Criminal Justice System. To date, prevalence estimates are available only for male autistic offenders. Thus, this research aimed to provide the prison-reported rate of autistic female prisoners currently residing in the female prison estate in…

Background: Secondary behaviours, which encompass reactions developed due to an individual's fear and stress about stuttering, have the potential to exacerbate the condition. Therefore, self-evaluation of secondary behaviours is significant in the multidimensional approach for people who stutter (PWS). Aim: To determine the validity and…

The study's overarching goal was to look into the factors that contribute to school dropout among primary school students in Fagita Lekoma District. To this end, this study used a convergent parallel research design. The participants of the study comprised District Education Officers, school principals, teachers, PTA members, and dropout pupils.…

Assessment of student learning is commonly understood as a seemingly objective measurement of learning outcomes. It is seen as fair that assessment targets students' abilities -- not their identities or personalities. This idea fails to acknowledge how assessment transforms its object, the students, often in unintended ways. While higher education…

A linear model is often used to find the effect of a binary treatment D on a noncontinuous outcome Y with covariates X. Particularly, a binary Y gives the popular "linear probability model (LPM)," but the linear model is untenable if X contains a continuous regressor. This raises the question: what kind of treatment effect does the…

Physical activity (PA) promotion is an ideal intervention target for public health because it has the potential to help individuals feel better, sleep better, and perform daily tasks more easily, in addition to providing disease prevention benefits. There is strong evidence that individual-level theory-based behavioral interventions are effective…

Objective: ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, seen in children and adolescents, and is often treated with various pharmacological agents, especially methylphenidate. There are differing opinions in the literature regarding the cardiovascular safety of long-term methylphenidate use. Studies suggest that the drug may…

Combining observational and experimental data for causal inference can improve treatment effect estimation. However, many observational data sets cannot be released due to data privacy considerations, so one researcher may not have access to both experimental and observational data. Nonetheless, a small amount of risk of disclosing sensitive…