Increasing evidence highlights the role of disrupted circadian rhythms in the neural dysfunctions and sleep disturbances observed in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. However, the causality and directionality of these associations remain unclear. In this study, we employed a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian…

The objective of this article is to develop a causal relationship factor model affecting entrepreneurial behavior for sustainable development using a mixed-methods research approach that integrated both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The quantitative phase involved testing the causal relationships affecting entrepreneurial behavior by…

Autism has been associated with increased mortality risk among adult populations, but little is known about the mortality risk among children and young people (0-24 years). We used a 15-year nationwide birth cohort study using linked health and non-health administrative data to estimate the mortality risk among Autistic children and young people…

Introduction: A number of recent studies have brought attention to the involvement of dietary salt and blood sodium levels in the etiopathogenesis of autism. In our study, by comparing the blood sodium levels of children with autism spectrum disease (ASD) and healthy children, we aimed to shed light on the etiopathogenesis of ASD. Method: We…

Causal asymmetry is a situation where the causal factors under study are more suitable for explaining the outcome than its absence (or vice versa); they do not explain both equally well. In such a situation, presence of a cause leads to presence of the effect, but absence of the cause may not lead to absence of the effect. A conceptual discussion…

With this research we aimed to determine the correlation between teacher candidates' digital literacy levels and lifelong learning tendencies. This research was created as a mixed methods research. The quantitative group of the research consisted of 650 teacher candidates studying at the education faculties of different universities in Istanbul in…

Objective: Previous research suggests a potential link between unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and ADHD, but the causal relationship remains uncertain. This study aims to investigate the causal association between ADHD and UFAs using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Methods: Summary data from genome-wide association studies were used to…

People often rely on the covariation between events to infer causality. However, covariation between cues and outcomes may change over time. In the associative learning literature, extinction provides a model to study updating of causal beliefs when a previously established relationship no longer holds. Prediction error theories can explain both…

Research suggests that whilst not more likely to offend, autistic people are overrepresented within the Criminal Justice System. To date, prevalence estimates are available only for male autistic offenders. Thus, this research aimed to provide the prison-reported rate of autistic female prisoners currently residing in the female prison estate in…

The study's overarching goal was to look into the factors that contribute to school dropout among primary school students in Fagita Lekoma District. To this end, this study used a convergent parallel research design. The participants of the study comprised District Education Officers, school principals, teachers, PTA members, and dropout pupils.…

Assessment of student learning is commonly understood as a seemingly objective measurement of learning outcomes. It is seen as fair that assessment targets students' abilities -- not their identities or personalities. This idea fails to acknowledge how assessment transforms its object, the students, often in unintended ways. While higher education…

Background/purpose. Morocco's recent higher education reform, Pacte ESRI-2030, lays emphasis on digital skills, a major component of Power Skills, as a catalyst for student success. Pursuant to this, the current study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of a blended learning model in improving undergraduate students' digital literacy skills.…

The main purpose of this study was to discuss the effects of positive psychological characteristics on the individual creativity of technological university students. First, this study investigated the relationship between positive psychological characteristics, individual creativity, creative self-efficacy, and hope. Second, surveys were…

Social intelligence is the capacity, capability, or ability to build relationships with others effectively; therefore, its existence is vital for an organization's members, including teachers, in the school organization context. Therefore, this study explores the link between social intelligence and creativity, teaching self-efficacy, affective…

The quality of products from the causal mapping process and the effect of factors related to causal map quality are unlikely to be the same for students at different educational levels. However, there is a lack of studies that provide insights into causal maps constructed by primary school students to reveal appropriate strategies. This study…