Decades of research has documented the negative effects of physical punishment, including spanking (Heilmann et al., 2021). Since 1998, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has endorsed the use of time out from positive reinforcement (TO) as an alternative to corporal punishment (Sege et al., 2018). Despite urging at the federal level (Cardona, 2023) as of 2024, 23 states continue to allow corporal punishment in public schools. However, while K-12 systems allow corporal punishment, it is an allowed form of discipline in only one state's center-based child care licensing regulations (National Center on Early Childhood Quality Assurance [NCECQA], 2020a).