Background: Effort measurement is essential for adaptation to interactive learning technologies. Most contemporary technologies measure effort through the log data (reaction time and correctness). Some adaptive technologies use facial expressions and attention to adapt. Objectives: We present a novel, complementary, and multimodal definition of…

Describes the "Indirect Learning" (IDL) system, a speaking-computer-based multisensory system for teaching literacy skills of reading and spelling in children aged 6 upwards and adults, produced by Starcross. IDL measures how effectively the system remediated the reading and spelling in children and adults with poor phonological skills…