Provides a review of the literature on human behavior in disasters and gives insights about what people do with and without training, organization, and control. It also points to the need for such preparations. The nature of the milieu in which emergency management must take place is examined. An emergency management model is included. (CT)

Discusses emergent citizen groups at the local community level: how they operate in disasters, their characteristics at emergency and nonemergency times, other types of emergence, and implications for emergency management. (CT)